Wikinovela

La Wikinovela es un proyecto de creación colectiva, multilingüe y no lineal, basado en tecnología wiki y con licencia Creative Commons, ha sido desarrollado dentro de la facultad de Filosofía y Letras de la Universidad de Deusto entre el 24 de abril y el 24 de julio de 2006.

En cuanto a la descripción y a los objetivos del proyecto, La finalidad del proyecto Wikinovela, consiste en la creación de una novela colectiva, multilingüe (en castellano, euskara e inglés) e hipertextual, empleando para ello el formato wiki, que permite una colaboración directa e inmediata entre autores. Actualmente se encuentra en espera de una posible segunda versión en la primavera de 2007.

La Wikinovela se ofreció al público que podía participar de diferentes maneras:

• Modificando (para mejorarlo) el texto propuesto por otros autores.
• Continuando cualquiera de los inicios propuestos.
• Proponiendo ramificaciones del argumento a través de la creación de enlaces.

El objetivo central del proyecto radica, por tanto, en la interacción de distintos componentes lingüístico-literarios y de las TIC aplicados al hecho narrativo:

• La creación colectiva por medio del formato wiki, que permite una colaboración on-line directa e inmediata entre autores
• La hipertextualidad, es decir, la ruptura de la linealidad por medio de las nuevas ramas que generan los hipervínculos
• El multilingüismo, para fomentar la interacción y el intercambio entre distintas lenguas y culturas, y potenciar el tejido de una red de comunicación entre creadores de diversas procedencias.

 

La Wikinovela se ofrece en tres idiomas (castellano, euskera e inglés) y da la oportunidad a los alumnos para poder escribir artículos propios e interactuar en los de sus compañeros. En la asignatura de Edición Digital, nosotros los alumnos de filología inglesa, trabajamos con Wiki (que según la Wikipedia es un sitio web colaborativo que puede ser editado por varios usuarios, y que, a diferencia de un blog, colaborativo, o no, no está necesariamente ordenado de manera cronológica; los usuarios de una wiki pueden así, crear, editar, borrar o modificar el contenido de una página web, de una forma interactiva, fácil y rápida; dichas facilidades hacen de una wiki una herramienta efectiva para la escritura colaborativa), donde tenemos una página de referencias en las que escribimos links de páginas visitadas y de trabajos realizados, cualquier persona que se registre en el Wiki puede visitar nuestras páginas. Por lo tanto, en mi opinión la Wikinovela es una gran oportunidad para poder escribir nuestros propios artículos y opiniones y compararlas o debatirlas con otras personas y así poder aprender.

Referencias:

• Wikinovela, Universidad de Deusto. Consultado 15:16, 8 Octubre, 2009: http://www.wikinovela.org/
• Wikinovela. Consultado 15:00, 8 Octubre, 2009: http://www.wikinovela.org/index.php/Portada
• Conocimiento abierto, Sociedad libre. Consultado 15:10, 8 Octubre, 2009: http://www.cibersociedad.net/congres2006/gts/comunicacio.php?id=658
• Ejemplo de Wikinovela.. Consultado 15:08, 8 Octubre, 2009: http://thewikinovel.blogspot.com/

British Library

Not only books have been digitalized, but libraries have changed too. One of the most important digital libraries is the British Library which is situated in London and it holds over 150 million items in all known languages and formats. It includes around 25 million books, some of them been substancial additional collection of manuscripts and historical items dating back as far as 300 BC.

The British Library not only receives copies of all books produced in the United Kingdom, it also receives books from Ireland. It was created in 1973 by the Brisith Library Act 1972. In 1982, it absorbed the National Sound Archive. The core of the Library´s historical collection are some donations and acquisitions of the eighteen century and they are known as the “foundation collection”.

The new library was designed specially for the purpose by the architect Colin St. John Wilson. Facing Euston Road is a large piazza that includes pieces of public art, such as large sculptures by Eduardo Paolozzi (a bronze statue based on William Blake’s study of Isaac Newton) and Antony Gormley. It is the largest public building constructed in the United Kingdom in the 20th century. In the middle of the building is a four-storey glass tower containing the King’s Library, with 65,000 printed volumes along with other pamphlets, manuscripts and maps collected by King George III between 1763 and 1820.

In 1911 the Parliamnt established the principle of the legal deposit, which says that each of the six libraries have to receive a free copy of every item published in Ireland and UK, the other libraries were: the Bodleian Library at Oxford; the University Library at Cambridge; the Trinity College Library at Dublin; and the National Libraries of Scotland and Wales. But the British Library is the only one ehich receives the items automatically.

If we talk about the material available online, The British Library makes almost none of its collections available online and free to the public. Its Online Gallery gives access to 30,000 images from various medieval books, together with a handful of exhibition-style items in a proprietary format, such as the Lindisfarne Gospels. This includes the facility to “turn the virtual pages” of a few documents, such as Leonardo da Vinci´s notebooks.

When Google Books started, the British Library signed an agreement with Microsoft to digitise a number of books from the British Library for its Live Search Books project. This material was only available to readers in the USA, and closed in May 2008. People have acces to some books in the Sir John Ritbal Gallery, and the books are well-known: Beowulf, Canterbury Tales, Le Morte Dartour…It also has a newspaper section situated in Colindale (North London).

 References:

* The British Library. Retrieved 19:05, October 7, 2009, from: http://www.bl.uk/

* British Library, In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 18:27, October 7, 2009, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Library

* British Library´s Manuscripts Catalogues. Retrieved 19:00, October 7, 2009, from: http://www.bl.uk/catalogues/manuscripts/INDEX.asp

* The British Library London, Colin St John Wilson and Partners (1997). Retrieved 19:02, October 7, 2009, from: http://www.galinsky.com/buildings/British%20library/index.htm

 

Main differences between book and eBook

We are in the presence of a revolution in the world of the book. The normal book, printed in paper, is being threatened. Is the invention of the eBook the end of the paper book?

The eBook is an electronical or digital version of the paper book. This definiton is nor clear because it can refer to an individual work in digital format or mechanism used to read book in digital format. We have to make a difference between eBook and hypertext. The hypertext  is destined for the structure of the information across links, whereas an electronic book is not any more than the digitalization than a book originally edited in paper.

But what are the main difference between book and eBook? The normal book is easy to use because of the ergonomics of the paper, this does not happen in the eBook because the screen has limits. The normal book can be transportted from one place to another without problems but the eBook has ubiquity. The book is used as a tool for study and the eBook can be used as it too but also as a searcher to navegate in the Internet.

The advantages of using an eBook are remarkables. We do not waste huge quantities of paper. The eBook is digital and we do not use paper because all the information we need is inside it and we see in the secreen. It is a good way to save paper and nowadays this prevention is necessary. If we digitalize the books, we will save paper and space because we will not need libraries. Furthermore, the eBook is dynamic and adapts to the profile of the reader.

This new technology is changing the way of reading and some people are still reluctant to it but we only need time to asimilate it. Personally, I think that eBook is a good invention because saves paper and is attractive for people, so it will catch their attetion.

References:

• Joseba Abaitua (2003, 17 de noviembre). Panorama de la Edición digital. Jornada sobre La profesión del filólogo en la sociedad de la información (Universidad de Deusto). Retrieved 30th September, 2009, 17:34 from: http://www.slideshare.net/JosebaAbaitua/panorama-de-la-edicin-digital
• Libro Electrónico, In Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia (2009). Retrieved 30th September, 2009, 17:35 from: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Libro-e
• ¿Qué es el eBook o libro electrónico?, portal y blog de libros y publicaciones. Retrieved 30th September, 2009, 17:37 from: http://libros.com.ar/%C2%BFque-es-el-ebook-o-libro-electronico/
• Jose Antonio Millán, Libro electrónico, eBook (noviembre 2001). Retrieved 30th September, 2009, 17:40 from: http://jamillan.com/ebook.htm

The author`s role in the 21st century

If we analize the role of the author during these centuries we will find out huge differences.

Before the 18th century, the author had not importance because the stories were transmitted orally. Therefore, there was not only one author because the stories changed by the word of mouth.

In the 18th century, the author was not important. He only had the main idea and wrote the original piece. Then, the ones who made the copies were the monks, it was a hard and long work. The author had not royalties.

A little later, in the 20th century, the importance of the author increased. He had royalties and was the owner of his work. The contact between the author and the reader was minimun. The author only had the reference of the reception of his creation.

Nowadays, with the Internet and the creation of the hypertext, the author has lost his mastery of the piece. When they post they work on the Internet, everyone can have access to it and of course, manipulate. It is clear that for doing this, you should have some knowledge in computers.

To sum up, I will say that the importance of the author has declined, in the past he was the owner of his work and he could do what he wanted with it, but now, with the creation of the hypertext and the Internet, we are in the presence of an active relation between the writer and the reader, because the reader can be the writer too.

References:

• María Jesús Lamarca (2009). El autor y la autoría en el mundo digital. Retrieved 28th September, 2009, 13:04 from: http://artesadigital.blogspot.com/2009/02/el-autor-y-la-autoria-en-el-mundo.html
• Author, In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (2009). Retrieved 28th September, 2009, 13:08 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Author
• Hypertext, In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia (2009). Retrieved 28th September, 2009, 13:13 from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypertext
• Hypertext reconfigures Text, reader and Writer (2001), Writing  Effectively Online: How to compose Hypertext. Retrieved 28th September, 2009, 13:15 from: http://homepage.mac.com/alysson/htreconfig.html
• Hypertext and the Role of the Reader and Writer, Doctoral Program in English at Michigan State University. Retrieved 28th September, 2009, 13:17, from: http://faculty.gvsu.edu/patterna/hyperreading.html
• Hypertext, The Reader´s Experience. Retrieved 28th September, 2009, 13: 19, from. http://www.journalofelectronicpublishing.org/hypertext/reader.html

La Enciclopedia

L’Encyclopédie ou Dictionnaire raisonné des sciences, des arts et des métiers es una enciclopedia francesa, conjunto de 17 volúmenes editada entre los años 1751 y 1772 en Francia bajo la dirección de Denis Diderot y Jean d’Alembert.

Es considerada una de las más grandes obras del siglo XVIII, no sólo por ser la primera enciclopedia francesa, sino que también por contener la síntesis de los principales conocimientos de la época, en un esfuerzo editorial considerable para su tiempo.

Por el saber que contiene, el esfuerzo que representa, y por las intenciones que sus autores le asignaron, se convirtió en un símbolo del proyecto de la Ilustración, un arma política y en el objeto de numerosos enfrentamientos entre los editores, los redactores, y los representantes de los poderes secular y eclesiástico.

El primer volumen aparece en 1751; su publicación se suspenderá en 1752, tras la publicación del segundo volumen, y en 1759, cuando d´Alembert se retira del proyecto y se suprimen los permisos de publicación concedidos. A partir de esta fecha, publicados siete volúmenes, Diderot prosigue solo la edición de diez volúmenes de texto y cuatro de índices hasta 1765 y, posteriormente, cuatro volúmenes más de índices hasta 1772. Colaboran en la obra Rousseau, Voltaire, Duclos, Holbach, Quesnay, Turgot, Toussaint y otros escritores y philosophes ilustrados (hasta un total de 160).

La Enciclopedia tiene espíritu crítico, filosófico, científico y burgués. En cuanto al espíritu filosófico, se imponen nuevos valores: la naturaleza, que determine la actividad del hombre, la felicidad terrena, que se convierte en un objetivo, el progreso, mediante el cual cada época se esfuerza en alcanzar mejor la felicidad colectiva, este nuevo espíritu se basa en el amor por la ciencia, la tolerancia y la felicidad material. En cuanto al espíritu científico, se expresa por su carácter enciclopédico. El espíritu crítico, se ejerce principalmente contra las instituciones, como ejemplo pondremos que frente a la monarquía absoluta prefiere la monarquía constitucional. Por último, el espíritu burgués, para una adecuada comprensión de los textos de la Encyclopedie hay que tener en cuante que la Encyclopedie fue un producto básicamente de la burguesía, tanto en su origen como en su elaboración.

Referencias:

*  L’Encyclopédie. (2009, 31) de julio. ”Wikipedia, La enciclopedia libre”. Fecha de consulta: 18:30, octubre 7, 2009 : http://es.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=L%27Encyclop%C3%A9die&oldid=28520968.

 

* La Enciclopedia,Diccionario razonado de las ciencias, las artes y de los oficios. En ”Sociedad Andaluza de Educación Andaluza”.  Fecha de consulta 19:45, octubre 7, 2009 : http://thales.cica.es/rd/Recursos/rd99/ed99-0257-01/enciclo.html

 

* Denis Diderot (2009), “Wikipedia, La Enciclopedia Libre”. Fecha de consulta 18:21, octubre 7, 2009: http://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Denis_Diderot

Question Answering Systems

The search of answers, called in English Question Answering (QA) is a type of recovery of the information. Given a certain quantity of documents (such as World Wide Web), the system should be capable of recovering answers to questions raised in natural language. QA is observed as a method that needs a technology of Processing of natural language more complex that other types of systems for the Recovery of documents, and, in some cases, it is observed as a step ahead of the technology of the seeker.

A system of question answering is one of the most complex systems concerning the recovery of information. We must bear in mind that a system based on the question-answering is much more difficult than a normal system that entrusts to look for an information in a more or less big quantity of documents, since these it must extract from the above mentioned documents a fragment of (minimal) text that answers to a question given in natural language. These systems are very tied to the seekers web.

A system of question-answering tries to recognize a wide range of types of questions, including facts, lists, definitions, since, when, where, for which, etc. The above mentioned searches can change from small collections of local documents, internal organizations of documents, up to the entire web (or a part of it).

Here we can see a picture of the Question Answering System:

 

 

References:

• Question Answering (2009. In Wikipedia. Retrieved 16:38, May 16, 2009, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Question_answering&oldid=278611780

 

• Sistemas de Question Answering. Retrieved 16:42, May 16, 2009, from: http://question-answering.orgfree.com/

 

• Multilingual Question Answering. Retrieved 15:45, May 16, 2009, from: http://question-answering.orgfree.com/

Natural Language Processing

The Processing of Natural Languages – brief PLN, or NLP- is a subdiscipline of the Artificial Intelligence and the branch engineer of the linguistics computational. The PLN deals with the formulation and investigation of effective mechanisms computationaly for the communication between persons or between persons and machines by means of natural languages. The PLN does not try of the communication by means of natural languages of an abstract form, it tries to design mechanisms to communicate that they should be effective computationaly – that could carry out by means of programs that they execute or simulate the communication-.

The applied models focuses not only on the comprehension of the language of for yes, but on general cognitive human aspects and on the organization of the memory. The natural language uses only as way to study these phenomena.

We should now something of its history:

The Processing of the Natural Language (PLN) is one of the angular early stones of the artificial intelligence (IA). The automatic Translation, for example, was born at the end of the decade of the forties, before there was coined its own expression ” Artificial Intelligence “. Nevertheless, the PLN has recovered multiple roles in the context of the IA, and its importance inside this field has grown and decreased as a result of technological and scientific changes.

The first attempts of translating texts for computer at the end of the forties and during the fifties failed due to the scanty power of the computers and to the scanty linguistic sofistificación. Nevertheless, the efforts realized in the decades of the sixties and the seventies to produce interfaces in natural language for databases and other computer applications obtained a certain significant degree of success. The decade of the eighties and the beginning of that of the nineties have seen the investigation re-arose in the area of the Automatic Translation.

References:

• Natural Languegae Processing (2009) InWikipedia. Retrieved 16:28, April 26, 2009, from: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural_language_processing

 

• Natural language processing. Microsoft research site. Retrieved 16:30, April 26, 2009,  from: http://research.microsoft.com/en-us/groups/nlp/

 

• Giovanni Battista Varile, Ronald Cole and Antonio Zampolli (1997). “Survey of the State of the Art in Human Language Technology” . Retrieved 16:32, April 26, 2009, from: http://books.google.es/books?id=WlHD141lKw4C&printsec=frontcover

The XXVth edition of the Annual Congress of the Spanish Society for the Processing of the Natural Language 2009 (SEPLN ‘ 09)

The edition XXV of the Annual Congress of the Spanish Society for the Processing of the Natural Language (SEPLN) Sebastián will be celebrated in Donostia-San Sebastian on the 8th, September 9 and 10, 2009 in Miramar’s Palace.

The Spanish Society for the Processing of the Natural Language (SEPLN) is a non-profit association formed by numerary associates and institutions that were created in the year 1984 in order to promote and to spread all kinds of activities relating to the education, investigation and development in the area of the processing of the natural, both nacional and international language. 

developments in the area of work of the Processing in the Natural Language (PLN) both to the scientific community and to the companies of the place. Also one tries to show the real possibilities of application and to know new projects I+D in this field. In addition, like in previous editions, wants to identify the future directives of the basic investigation and of the applications foreseen by the professionals, in order to confirm them with the real needs of the market. Finally, the congress tries to be a propitious frame to introduce other persons been interested in this area of knowledge.

 

References:

• Sociedad Española para el Procesamiento del Lenguage Natural (2009). Retrieved 15:07, April 21, 2009, from: http://www.sepln.org/

 

• Obejtivos de la Sociedad Española para el procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (2009). Retrieved 15: 08, April 21, 2009, from: http://www.sepln.org/objetivos.php

 

• XXV. Edición del Congreso Anual de la Sociedad Española para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (2009). Retrieved 15:09, April 21, 2009, from: http://ixa2.si.ehu.es/sepln2009/

EAMT 09

Europan Elkarteko Itzulpen Automatikoaren hamahirugarren batzarra Diskurtso-zentruaren eta TALP- en eskutik antolatzen ari da eta maiatzaren 14-15 ean ospatuko da Katalunyako Unibertsitate Politeknikoko Nord Kampusan, Bartzelonan, Espainian.

Batzar hauek erabiltzen dira ikertzaileentzat, errebeladore komertzialentzat eta itzulpenarekin eta arlo honekin lotuta dauden erabiltzaileentzat foro bat eskuratzeko. Batzar honen helburuak hurrengo hauek dira:

• Ikerketa berria eta arte arruntaren egoera aurkeztea.

 

• R&D-ren joeren agerpena aztertzea.

 

• Ebaluazio tekniken eta tresnen informazioa hornitzea.

 

• Itzulpenaren eta gobernuaren eta industriaren aldeko itzulpenaren teknologiaren lanpostuen beharrak errepasatzea.

 

Aurtengo aztergai printzipala  ”Europear hizkuntzen arteko itzulpena da, batez ere komunitate linguistiko txikiago duten hizkuntzetarako”.

Gai honi buruz hitz egiteko eta ideak programak bi hizlari aukeratu ditu:

1. Nicholas Ostler (Foundation for Endangered Languages)  

“The Jungle is Neutral” (see abstract)

 

      2.    Lori Levin (Language Technologies Institute, Carnegie Mellon University)

Adaptable, community-controlled, language technologies for language maintenance  (see abstract)

Beraz, animatu eta konferentia honetara etorri!

 

References:

• Conference Venue (2009) In European Association for Machine Translation. Retrieved 14:54, April 15, 2009, from: http://www.talp.cat/eamt09/index.php/conference-venue

 

• The Jungle is Neutral (2009) In European Association for Machine Translation. Retrieved 14:56, April 15, 2009, from: http://www.talp.cat/eamt09/

 

• Adaptable, community-controlled, language technologies, for language maintenance (2009) In European Association for Machine Translation. Retrieved 14:58,April 15, 2009, from: http://www.talp.cat/eamt09/index.php/language-maintenance

 

• 13th Annual Conference of the European Association for Machine Translation (2009) In European Association for Machine Translation. Retrieved 14:59, April 15, 2009, from: http://www.talp.cat/eamt09/

The XXIVth edition of the Annual Congress of the Spanish Society for the Processing of the Natural Language 2008 (SEPLN ‘ 08)

The edition XXIV of the Annual Congress of the Spanish Society for the Processing of the Natural Language (SEPLN) will be celebrated in Leganés (Madrid) on the 10th, September 11 and 12, 2008 in the Technical Top School of the University Carlos III of Madrid

It encourages groups, investigators and companies to send communications, summaries of projects or demonstrations in the area of the technologies of the language in someone of the following thematic areas:

• Linguistic, mathematical and psycholinguistic models of the language

 

• Linguistics of corpus

 

• Extraction and recovery of monolingual and multilingual information

 

• Grammars and formalisms for the morphologic and syntactic analysis

 

• Textual monolingual adn multilingual generation

 

• Automatic translation

 

• Recognition and synthesis of voice

 

• Semantics, pragmatics and speech

 

• Resolution of the lexical ambiguity

 

• Industrial applications of the PLN

 

• Automatic analysis of the textual content

 

Structure of the congress

The duration foreseen of the congress will be three days, with dedicated meetings for the presentation of presentations, as well as to the project presentation of investigation in march or demonstrations of applications prototype or products related to the areas of interest of the congress. 

References:

• Sociedad Española para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (2009). Retrieved 15:26, April 10, 2009, from: http://www.sepln.org/

 

• Objetivos de La Sociedad Española para el Procesamiento del Lenguaje Natural (2009). Retrieved 15:27, April 10, 2009, from: http://www.sepln.org/objetivos.php

 

• XXIV Edición del Congreso Anual de La Sociedad Española para el Procesamietno del Lenguaje Natural(2009). April 10, April 25, 2009, from: http://basesdatos.uc3m.es/sepln2008/web/programa.html